What does “diversity factor” refer to in load calculations?

The term "diversity factor" in load calculations is a crucial concept used to determine the efficiency and demand characteristics of an electrical system. It refers to the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of all devices or loads to the total maximum demand for the system. This concept acknowledges that not all loads reach their maximum demand simultaneously.

In a practical scenario, certain appliances or loads are often used at different times and in varying intensities, thereby allowing for a more accurate assessment of required capacity than simply summing all individual loads. By applying the diversity factor, engineers can optimize the design of electrical systems, ensuring they supply adequate power while minimizing costs.

The other options do not align with the definition of the diversity factor. The sum of all individual loads does not account for the variability in usage patterns. The total load at peak usage could lead to overestimation of the needed capacity since it assumes all items are operating at their maximum simultaneously. The average load over time does not reflect peak demands or usage patterns that vary, which is where the diversity factor comes into play.